Il 28 luglio 2025, la diffusione di virus trasmessi dalle zanzare come la Dengue, la Chikungunya e il West Nile rappresenta un tema di crescente rilevanza, specialmente in Italia, dove queste infezioni sono diventate una preoccupazione concreta. La trasmissione avviene attraverso la puntura di zanzare infette, e sebbene ci siano somiglianze tra le tre malattie, ognuna presenta caratteristiche uniche che meritano attenzione.
dengue e chikungunya: le infezioni da zanzara più diffuse
La Dengue, nota anche come “febbre spacca ossa”, è così chiamata per i dolori intensi che provoca, in particolare a livello scheletrico. La Chikungunya, il cui nome deriva dalla lingua africana e significa “ciò che curva o contorce”, è caratterizzata da dolori articolari debilitanti. Entrambe le infezioni sono veicolate dalla zanzara Aedes, comunemente conosciuta come zanzara tigre, che ha fatto il suo ingresso in Italia negli anni ’90, precisamente a Genova, attraverso un carico di copertoni provenienti dagli Stati Uniti.
I primi casi di Chikungunya in Italia risalgono al 2007, e l’incubazione del virus varia da 3 a 12 giorni dopo la puntura. I sintomi iniziali includono febbre improvvisa e forti dolori articolari, che costringono i pazienti a mantenere posizioni immobili. Altri sintomi possono includere mal di testa, affaticamento e rash cutaneo. Sebbene la maggior parte delle persone guarisca completamente, il dolore articolare può persistere per mesi o addirittura anni. Attualmente, non esistono cure specifiche, ma è stato recentemente approvato un vaccino negli Stati Uniti, non ancora disponibile in Europa.
virus della dengue: caratteristiche e sintomi
Il virus della Dengue ha come principale ospite l’essere umano, ma non si trasmette direttamente tra le persone. Circola nel sangue dell’individuo infetto per un periodo che va da 2 a 7 giorni. Durante questo intervallo, se una zanzara punge l’individuo, può trasmettere il virus ad altri. Se si sviluppa la malattia, dopo 5 o 6 giorni dalla puntura, i sintomi possono includere febbre alta, mal di testa intenso, dolori muscolari e articolari, nausea e irritazioni cutanee. Generalmente, la guarigione avviene in circa due settimane, ma in rari casi l’infezione può evolvere in febbre emorragica, che si verifica soprattutto durante un secondo episodio di infezione. Per la prevenzione, esistono due vaccini: uno per chi ha già contratto la malattia e l’altro per i diversi sierotipi del virus, il cui utilizzo deve essere valutato caso per caso.
virus west nile: trasmissione e sintomi
A differenza della Dengue e della Chikungunya, il virus West Nile è trasmesso dalla zanzara di genere Culex. Anche in questo caso, non c’è trasmissione diretta tra esseri umani, poiché gli uccelli fungono da serbatoi virali. L’incubazione del virus è più lunga rispetto alle altre due infezioni, con sintomi che possono manifestarsi anche dopo 14 o 21 giorni, specialmente in persone con un sistema immunitario compromesso. La maggior parte degli infetti non presenta sintomi, ma per circa il 20% dei casi si manifestano forme lievi come febbre, mal di testa e nausea. Negli anziani e nei soggetti fragili, i sintomi possono essere più gravi, e meno dell’1% degli infetti sviluppa complicanze significative, che possono includere febbre alta, disorientamento e, in casi estremi, encefalite letale. Non esiste una terapia specifica per il virus West Nile.
prevenzione: come proteggersi dalle zanzare
La prevenzione delle infezioni da virus trasmessi dalle zanzare si basa principalmente sull’allontanamento di questi insetti. È consigliabile utilizzare repellenti, indossare abbigliamento adeguato che copra il corpo, come pantaloni lunghi e camicie a maniche lunghe, e installare zanzariere alle finestre. È fondamentale svuotare frequentemente contenitori con acqua stagnante, cambiare regolarmente l’acqua nelle ciotole per animali domestici e mantenere le piscinette per bambini in posizione verticale quando non vengono utilizzate. Queste misure possono contribuire significativamente a ridurre il rischio di contrarre infezioni pericolose.


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